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Hurricane Norma takes aim at Mexico's Los Cabos resorts, as Tammy threatens islands in the Atlantic_我的网站

一 |     【军武次位面】作者：金色轰炸机          前几天，中国的长征十号乙火箭在首次试射中便取得了回收成功，使中国成为了全世界第二个掌握了火箭回收技术的国家。    CABO SAN LUCAS, Mexico -- Residents of Mexico’s Los Cabos resorts rushed to prepare as Hurricane Norma headed toward the southern tip of Mexico’s Baja California Peninsula for an expected landfall Saturday, while in the Atlantic, Tammy grew into a hurricane and threatened to batter the islands of the Lesser Antilles. Businesses in Cabo San Lucas nailed up sheets of plywood over their windows and government personnel hung up banners warning people not to try to cross gullies and stream beds, after Hurricane Norma regained strength and once again became a major storm Friday.Baja California Sur Gov. Victor Manuel Castro urged people to stay at home.“Nobody should leave their house after six, seven in the evening," Castro said. "Nobody should go out.”In the Atlantic, the U.S. National Hurricane Center said Hurricane Tammy had winds of 80 mph (130 kph), and hurricane warnings were issued for the islands of Guadeloupe, Antigua, Barbuda, Montserrat, and St. Kitts and Nevis.The center said Norma had 120 mph (195 kph) maximum sustained winds and was centered about 145 miles (235 kilometers) south of Cabo San Lucas. The Category 3 storm was moving north-northwest at 9 mph (15 kph), and the center said its outer bands of rain were already reaching the Baja peninsula.Hotels in Los Cabos, which are largely frequented by foreign tourists, remained about three-quarters full and there was no major move by visitors to leave, Baja California Sur state tourism secretary Maribel Collins said.With rain already falling in Los Cabos, some flights in and out were canceled Friday, there was no way out anyway. Airports will be closed Saturday, according to the local civil defense office.The local hotel association estimated there were about 40,000 tourists still in Cabo San Lucas and San Jose del Cabo on Friday.A couple from San Diego walked through the largely deserted streets of Cabo San Lucas on Friday. Because their sports fishing tournament had been postponed until next week, they had little choice but to stay. The local port was closed to navigation as a precaution. At the marina in Cabo San Lucas, José Ceseña was hauling out of the water the boat he usually uses to ferry tourists around on tours. With the port closed and a hurricane coming, he said it wasn’t worth risking his craft.Homero Blanco, the state commander of the National Guard, said beaches at the resort had been ordered closed and Guard troops were sent to clear people from the seashore.“This morning there were a few people on the beach when we cleared it,” Blanco said. “We invited them to leave.” The federal government posted 500 marines to the resort to help with storm preparations, and municipal officials said as many as 39 emergency shelters could be opened if needed.A hurricane warning was issued for the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula, and the forecast track would take a weakened Norma toward the mainland of Mexico’s western Pacific coast as a tropical storm.Norma was expected to weaken somewhat as it neared land, but not as much as originally forecast. In the Atlantic, Hurricane Tammy was about 55 miles (85 kilometers) east of Martinique and 135 miles (220 kilometers) southeast of the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe and was moving west-northwest at 9 mph (15 kph).Tammy was expected to remain at hurricane strength and even strengthen slightly as it moved toward the Lesser Antilles through Saturday passing by Guadeloupe, Antigua and Barbuda. Both Martinique and Guadeloupe are French overseas departments.The hurricane center said in a report that “heavy rainfall and flooding (are) likely over much of the Lesser Antilles.”Hurricane warnings were issued for the islands of Guadeloupe, Antigua, Barbuda, Montserrat, and St. Kitts, Nevis, Anguilla, St. Maarten, St. Martin and St. Barthelemy.___Follow AP’s climate coverage at: https://apnews.com/hub/climate-and-environment。实际上，作为航天大国的俄罗斯，也一直在可回收火箭上这个赛道上发力，但无奈受技术水平、供应链体系的限制，一直没能取得成功。在看到中国先一步完成了火箭回收后，俄航天部门也不服输地提出要加速阿穆尔-LNG可回收火箭的开发。

二 | 怎么看，俄都是想要和中国、美国一较高下。         ▲长征十号乙火箭          和很多人想的不一样，火箭回收不是只有美国人相当，实际上苏联早就想到了。

三 | 前苏联早在上世纪70年代时，就提出过这样的设想，但当时的方案不是垂直降落回收，而是想着用滑翔的方式，让火箭水平着陆。         当初，苏联在发射“暴风雪”号航天飞机的时候，需要用到“能源”号重型火箭。这款火箭有4个液体助推器。在最初的设想中，它们就是可以回收的。这些助推器在分离后，会张开折叠机翼、尾翼，然后像飞机一样滑翔飞回火箭发射基地落，入到指定机场跑道中。从设计上而言这个方案问题不大，但由于当时苏联资金不到位，因而一直没能研发成功。后来苏联解体，这一方案也就没有落实可能了。

四 |          ▲苏联的滑翔回收方案          2001年，赫鲁尼切夫航天中心曾计划复原该方案，提出过在“安加拉”火箭的第一级上，改装“贝加尔”号可回收式助推器。这个助推器配备了折叠翼和一台喷气式的发动机，“安加拉”火箭的子一级分离后，可以在“贝加尔”号的帮助下，像无人机一样飞回跑道。但这个设想，最终还是因为缺乏经费，只停留在了图纸和概念设计阶段。         苏联人提出的滑翔回收设想，一直没能够取得成功。

五 | 俄罗斯在犹豫的阶段，等待的却是Spacex公司的“猎鹰9号”率先完成了垂直反推回收。实际上俄罗斯航天界之前也曾探讨过这个方案，但认为其弊端很大，因为火箭会为回收预留一部分的反推燃料，再加上格栅舵和可折叠的支架，火箭的推力会大受影响。与之相比，滑翔式的回收方案，反而不会浪费任何一点载重。所以，即使“猎鹰9号”已经成功了，俄罗斯还是不肯承认失败，主要精力仍放自家的老套路上。

六 |          ▲“猎鹰9号”          但在2020年以后，眼见着马斯克的公司在商业上取得了巨大的成功，甚至让俄罗斯丢掉了一部分的国外火箭发射订单，这才让俄罗斯国家航天集团终于选择低头承认现实。

七 | 俄罗斯看清楚了，自己的滑翔方案根本走不通，于是决定作出重大战略调整。2020年，俄宣布将开发阿穆尔-LNG项目，它被设计为一款两级中型运载火箭，直接对标的对象就是“猎鹰9号”。

八 |          阿穆尔-LNG是俄罗斯首台使用液氧甲烷发动机的可重复使用火箭，计划在东方航天发射场专门建造的回收场地进行回收。这是一款直径4米级的火箭，在回收模式下的最大有效载荷仅有10.5吨，比美国的“猎鹰9号”和中国的长征10乙都弱了不少。

九 |          ▲阿穆尔-LNG想象图          在技术水平上，因为使用了RD-0169液氧甲烷发动机，阿穆尔-LNG确实要比美国的更为先进一些。但是在具体的回收方式上，这款俄罗斯火箭却几乎没有任何创新，它几乎是照搬了“猎鹰9号”的垂直返回回收模式，也安装了同样的格栅舵和尾部回收支架。

十 |          但说实话，就算如此，如果这款火箭能够研制并且取得发射回收上的成功，那么确实可以在国际市场上和“猎鹰9号”一较高下。

十一 | 然而十分可惜的是，2022年俄罗斯与乌克兰爆发了直接性的军事冲突，此后俄国内的供应链遭到了欧美的封锁，很多关键部件再也无法获得，这也大大影响到了阿穆尔-LNG的开发。再加上这两年来，俄罗斯国家财政大幅度的向常规军事力量倾斜，能够划拨给航天部门的经费简直是少之又少，就这么点儿钱，还得腾挪出大部分来升级前线导弹所需的格洛纳斯导航系统。以及天基卫星侦察系统，确实没有多少钱留给阿穆尔-LNG了。         ▲阿穆尔-LNG想象图          就在前几日，俄罗斯方面也是很无奈的宣布，原本计划在2026年内完成首次发射并回收的阿穆尔火箭，发射日期被迫推迟到了2030年以后。一方面是资金问题，一方面是技术问题，大大限制了俄罗斯在可回收火箭上的研发。就算是俄想要与中美同台竞技，也得等到起码5年以后了，不得不说，这就是实力衰落的最直接体现。

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Published on:09:41:14